Ionophores in Society - Revision history

PaulDuckworth at 08:06, 24 August 2016

2016-08-24T08:06:57Z

PaulDuckworth at 07:59, 24 August 2016

2016-08-24T07:59:37Z

PaulDuckworth: /* Gramicidin */

2015-05-06T03:51:22Z

‎Gramicidin

PaulDuckworth: /* Enniatin complex */

2015-05-06T03:50:38Z

‎Enniatin complex

PaulDuckworth: /* Enniatin complex */

2015-05-06T03:49:55Z

‎Enniatin complex

PaulDuckworth: /* Valinomycin */

2015-04-25T03:20:01Z

‎Valinomycin

PaulDuckworth: /* Salinomycin */

2015-01-02T05:14:43Z

‎Salinomycin

PaulDuckworth: /* Nystatin A */

2015-01-02T05:13:43Z

‎Nystatin A

PaulDuckworth: /* Narasin */

2015-01-02T05:11:56Z

‎Narasin

PaulDuckworth: /* Monensin A */

2015-01-02T05:10:41Z

‎Monensin A

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 A selection of ionophores is presented below for study in mainstream chemistry courses as well as courses for pre-med, vet, pharma, biochemistry, and soil and agricultural science students.  The demonstration of ion movement across membranes is also relevant to courses on neurophysiology, and biophysics.
-The use of ionophore 'growth promoters' in the animal feedstock industry is not only of interest to agricultural scientists, but also of concern to environmental chemists because of their presence in manure and sewerage sludges than are used as fertiliser for human and animal crops.
+The use of ionophore 'growth promoters' in the animal feedstock industry is not only of interest to agricultural scientists, but also of concern to environmental chemists because of their presence in manure and sewerage sludges that may be used as fertiliser for human or animal crops.
 The ability of these materials to transport ions across phospholipid bilayer cell membranes, which is usually the key to understanding their mode of action, can be easily studied using [http://wiki.edaq.com/index.php/Tethered_Membranes tethered membrane technology]. A suitable method is outlined in Application Note: [http://wiki.edaq.com/index.php/SDx_Protocol_1 SDx Protocol 1].

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 === Magainins and PGLa===
-The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magainin magainins] are linear polypeptides of 23 amino acids first discovered in the skin of the African clawed frog, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenopus ''Xenopus laevis''], and are believed to be responsible for the resistance of the frog to many of the pathogens that would otherwise cause disease in their moist habitat. Magainins and similar compounds are now known to be present in the skin of many amphibians and are have been shown to be active against  viruses, both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, protozoa, yeasts and fungi, and may also be hemolytic and cytotoxic to cancer cells. Their mode of action is believed to be by 4 − 7 maginin molecules forming a pore in the phospholipid bilayer membrane of their target. Magainin 2 also has a synergistic effect with the linear polypeptide PGLa (also from ''Xenopus'') suggesting the formation of a hybrid pore.
+The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magainin magainins] are linear polypeptides of 23 amino acids first discovered in the skin of the African clawed frog, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenopus ''Xenopus laevis''], and are believed to be responsible for the resistance of the frog to many of the pathogens that would otherwise cause disease in their moist habitat. Magainins and similar compounds are now known to be present in the skin of many amphibians and are have been shown to be active against  viruses, both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, protozoa, yeasts and fungi, and may also be hemolytic and cytotoxic to cancer cells. Their mode of action is believed to be by 4 − 7 magainin molecules forming a pore in the phospholipid bilayer membrane of their target. Magainin 2 also has a synergistic effect with the linear polypeptide PGLa (also from ''Xenopus'') suggesting the formation of a hybrid pore.
 Magainins 1 and 2 differ in two amino acid locations where a positively charged lysine residue (<span style="color:#00BFFF">Lys</span>) is replaced by a neutral amino acid.

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 === Gramicidin ===
-[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramicidin Gramicidin] is often regarded as the archetypal ion channel for monovalent cations, despite its unusual dimer arrangement that can form across the cell membrane. It was one of the first commercially available antibiotics and is used today in several topical medications ([http://www.drugs.com/ingredient/gramicidin.html Neosporin, Neocidin, Neoptic, Ocu-Spore-G]).
+[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramicidin Gramicidin] is often regarded as the archetypal ion channel for monovalent cations, despite its unusual dimer arrangement that forms across the cell membrane. It was one of the first commercially available antibiotics and is used today in several topical medications ([http://www.drugs.com/ingredient/gramicidin.html Neosporin, Neocidin, Neoptic, Ocu-Spore-G]).
 Gramicidin is usually sold as a mixture of related linear polypeptides (principally A, B and C) but the main component is Gramicidin A.

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 A mixture of related macrocylic molecules, with different peripheral alkyl substituents, is commonly encountered and this is refried to as a 'complex'. There are at least 28 naturally occurring enniatins.
-There are are reports of Enniantins having promise as antibiotics and anti-cancer drugs.
+Enniantins also have promise as antibiotics and anti-cancer drugs.
 Dissolve 50 mg in 78.1 mL, or 10 mg in 15.6 mL, of solvent to make a 1.00 mM stock solution.

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 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enniatin Enniatins] are produced by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium ''Fusarium''] fungi that commonly infect wheat and other grains. High levels are potentially toxic.
-A mixture of related macrocylic molecules, with different peripheral alkyl substituents, is commonly encountered. At last count there were 28 enniatins known.
+A mixture of related macrocylic molecules, with different peripheral alkyl substituents, is commonly encountered and this is refried to as a 'complex'. There are at least 28 naturally occurring enniatins.
-There are reports of Enniantins having promise as antibiotics and anti-cancer drugs.
+There are are reports of Enniantins having promise as antibiotics and anti-cancer drugs.
 Dissolve 50 mg in 78.1 mL, or 10 mg in 15.6 mL, of solvent to make a 1.00 mM stock solution.

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 #Design principles for K+ selectivity in membrane transport. Sameer Varma, David M. Rogers, Lawrence R. Pratt, and Susan B. Rempe, Journal of General Physiology, 137, 479-488, 2011. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201010579 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201010579]
 #Ion-Selective Electrodes With Ionophore-Doped Sensing Membranes, Philippe Bühlmann and Li D. Chen, 2539-2579 in "Supramolecular Chemistry: From Molecules to Nanomaterials", Philip A. Gale and Jonathan W. Steed (Eds), John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2012. ISBN: 978-0-470-74640-0. Free [http://www.chem.umn.edu/groups/buhlmann/Ion-Selective%20Electrodes%20With%20Ionophore-Doped.pdf download].
-# Available from [http://www.edaq.com/BIA-V1114-500mg eDAQ].
+# Available from [http://www.edaq.com/BIA-V1114-100mg eDAQ].

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:14, 2 January 2015
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	# [http://www.drugs.com/search.php?searchterm=salinomycin Drug Information Online].		# [http://www.drugs.com/search.php?searchterm=salinomycin Drug Information Online].
	# Available from [http://www.edaq.com/BIA-S1540-25mg eDAQ].		# Available from [http://www.edaq.com/BIA-S1540-25mg eDAQ].
		+	# Australian [http://www.apvma.gov.au regulatory details].

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:13, 2 January 2015
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	#A mixed community of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacteria actinomycetes] produce multiple antibiotics for the fungus farming ant [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acromyrmex_octospinosus ''Acromyrmex octospinosus'']. Jörg Barke, Ryan F. Seipke, Sabine Grüschow, Darren Heavens, Nizar Drou, Mervyn J. Bibb,Rebecca J.M. Goss, Douglas W. Yu, Matthew I. Hutchings, BMC Biology, 8, 109, 2010. [http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-109 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-8-109]		#A mixed community of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacteria actinomycetes] produce multiple antibiotics for the fungus farming ant [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acromyrmex_octospinosus ''Acromyrmex octospinosus'']. Jörg Barke, Ryan F. Seipke, Sabine Grüschow, Darren Heavens, Nizar Drou, Mervyn J. Bibb,Rebecca J.M. Goss, Douglas W. Yu, Matthew I. Hutchings, BMC Biology, 8, 109, 2010. [http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-109 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-8-109]
	# Available from [http://www.edaq.com/BIA-N1416-25mg eDAQ].		# Available from [http://www.edaq.com/BIA-N1416-25mg eDAQ].
		+	# Australian veterinary [http://www.apvma.gov.au regulatory details].

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:11, 2 January 2015
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	# [http://www.drugs.com/search.php?searchterm=narasin Drug Information Online].		# [http://www.drugs.com/search.php?searchterm=narasin Drug Information Online].
	# Available from [http://www.edaq.com/BIA-N1363-25mg eDAQ].		# Available from [http://www.edaq.com/BIA-N1363-25mg eDAQ].
		+	# Australian [http://www.apvma.gov.au regulatory details].

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:10, 2 January 2015
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	# [http://www.drugs.com/search.php?searchterm=Monensin Drug Information Online].		# [http://www.drugs.com/search.php?searchterm=Monensin Drug Information Online].
	# Available from [http://www.edaq.com/BIA-M1303-25mg eDAQ].		# Available from [http://www.edaq.com/BIA-M1303-25mg eDAQ].
		+	# Australian [http://www.apvma.gov.au regulatory details].