https://www.edaq.com/w/index.php?title=Frequently_Asked_Questions_C4D&feed=atom&action=historyFrequently Asked Questions C4D - Revision history2024-03-28T13:27:15ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.25.1https://www.edaq.com/w/index.php?title=Frequently_Asked_Questions_C4D&diff=4926&oldid=prevOliver: /* K raw and delta K */2018-11-26T06:23:26Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">K raw and delta K</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Why zero the signal? In most capillary electrophoresis and microchip electrophoresis experiments, the background electrolyte will produce a background conductivity signal which may be at around 1V or 1.5 V, depending on the conductivity of the liquid. The analyte peaks might only be 5 or 30 mV high. In order to make it easier for the detector to detect these small peaks on top of the large background, it is usual to zero the signal with the background electrolyte inside the capillary or the chip’s channel. This enables the user to use a small recording range, usually about 50 mV, so that the software can record the analyte peaks with a high resolution.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Why zero the signal? In most capillary electrophoresis and microchip electrophoresis experiments, the background electrolyte will produce a background conductivity signal which may be at around 1V or 1.5 V, depending on the conductivity of the liquid. The analyte peaks might only be 5 or 30 mV high. In order to make it easier for the detector to detect these small peaks on top of the large background, it is usual to zero the signal with the background electrolyte inside the capillary or the chip’s channel. This enables the user to use a small recording range, usually about 50 mV, so that the software can record the analyte peaks with a high resolution.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is possible to have a negative value for delta K, for example if the signal has been zeroed at a higher conductivity, but the value for K raw should always be positive.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
</table>Oliverhttps://www.edaq.com/w/index.php?title=Frequently_Asked_Questions_C4D&diff=4925&oldid=prevOliver: /* K raw, delta K */2018-11-26T06:16:35Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">K raw, delta K</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>You can download [[File:K Na Li in MES-Histidine buffer.zip]] and open it in the PeakMaster software. Click Calculate, to see the predicted electropherogram, with negative peaks. Hover the mouse over the peaks in the electropherogram to see which peak is which; a great way of determining which peaks are which when you are analysing a sample.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>You can download [[File:K Na Li in MES-Histidine buffer.zip]] and open it in the PeakMaster software. Click Calculate, to see the predicted electropherogram, with negative peaks. Hover the mouse over the peaks in the electropherogram to see which peak is which; a great way of determining which peaks are which when you are analysing a sample.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== K raw<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>delta K ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== K raw <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and </ins>delta K ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''K raw'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''K raw<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">: </ins>'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>K raw is the raw signal that the detector collects. It should be kept under 2.0V during experiments because above 2.0 V, the signal from the detector will not be linear. Signals above 2.5V will overload the detector; it will not be able to record a signal above 2.5V (the signal stays stuck at 2.5V even if the voltage is actually higher) and the hardware unit will give a beeping sound (on most hardware models).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>K raw is the raw signal that the detector collects. It should be kept under 2.0V during experiments because above 2.0 V, the signal from the detector will not be linear. Signals above 2.5V will overload the detector; it will not be able to record a signal above 2.5V (the signal stays stuck at 2.5V even if the voltage is actually higher) and the hardware unit will give a beeping sound (on most hardware models).  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>You can check the K raw value is under 2.0V by making sure there is no zero applied: the offset value in the C4D Amplifier window should be at about 0V; if it isn't, click on the % number under the word “Offset” and this will clear the offset.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>You can check the K raw value is under 2.0V by making sure there is no zero applied: the offset value in the C4D Amplifier window should be at about 0V; if it isn't, click on the % number under the word “Offset” and this will clear the offset.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Delta K'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Delta K<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">: </ins>'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Delta K is the signal given by the detector after it has been zeroed. Delta K is equal to K raw when there is no zero applied (when the offset is zero). This is the signal shown on the main graph in PowerChrom or Chart software during the experiment.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Delta K is the signal given by the detector after it has been zeroed. Delta K is equal to K raw when there is no zero applied (when the offset is zero). This is the signal shown on the main graph in PowerChrom or Chart software during the experiment.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>Oliverhttps://www.edaq.com/w/index.php?title=Frequently_Asked_Questions_C4D&diff=4924&oldid=prevOliver at 06:15, 26 November 20182018-11-26T06:15:39Z<p></p>
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</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L70" >Line 70:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>You can download [[File:K Na Li in MES-Histidine buffer.zip]] and open it in the PeakMaster software. Click Calculate, to see the predicted electropherogram, with negative peaks. Hover the mouse over the peaks in the electropherogram to see which peak is which; a great way of determining which peaks are which when you are analysing a sample.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>You can download [[File:K Na Li in MES-Histidine buffer.zip]] and open it in the PeakMaster software. Click Calculate, to see the predicted electropherogram, with negative peaks. Hover the mouse over the peaks in the electropherogram to see which peak is which; a great way of determining which peaks are which when you are analysing a sample.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== K raw, delta K ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''K raw'''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">K raw is the raw signal that the detector collects. It should be kept under 2.0V during experiments because above 2.0 V, the signal from the detector will not be linear. Signals above 2.5V will overload the detector; it will not be able to record a signal above 2.5V (the signal stays stuck at 2.5V even if the voltage is actually higher) and the hardware unit will give a beeping sound (on most hardware models). </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">K raw can be kept under 2.0V by selecting C4D settings (amplitude, frequency and headstage gain) which are low enough. Higher amplitudes, higher frequencies, turning on the Headstage Gain and using a background electrolyte with high conductivity will all increase K raw.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">You can check the K raw value is under 2.0V by making sure there is no zero applied: the offset value in the C4D Amplifier window should be at about 0V; if it isn't, click on the % number under the word “Offset” and this will clear the offset.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Delta K'''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Delta K is the signal given by the detector after it has been zeroed. Delta K is equal to K raw when there is no zero applied (when the offset is zero). This is the signal shown on the main graph in PowerChrom or Chart software during the experiment.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Why zero the signal? In most capillary electrophoresis and microchip electrophoresis experiments, the background electrolyte will produce a background conductivity signal which may be at around 1V or 1.5 V, depending on the conductivity of the liquid. The analyte peaks might only be 5 or 30 mV high. In order to make it easier for the detector to detect these small peaks on top of the large background, it is usual to zero the signal with the background electrolyte inside the capillary or the chip’s channel. This enables the user to use a small recording range, usually about 50 mV, so that the software can record the analyte peaks with a high resolution.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is possible to have a negative value for delta K, for example if the signal has been zeroed at a higher conductivity, but the value for K raw should always be positive.</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Oliverhttps://www.edaq.com/w/index.php?title=Frequently_Asked_Questions_C4D&diff=4922&oldid=prevOliver at 03:37, 4 October 20182018-10-04T03:37:34Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It’s important to select the best C4D settings for the background electrolyte you are using. The easiest way to do this is to use the [https://www.edaq.com/ES770 C4D Profiler software]. The C4D Profiler tests every combination of C4D setting (amplitude, frequency and headstage gain) and shows the detector signal for each combination. You can download it from [https://www.edaq.com/software-downloads here], download the [https://www.edaq.com/edaq-product-manuals manual], look at the [https://www.edaq.com/wiki/Optimizing_the_C4D_Settings_using_the_C4D_Profiler_V2_Software instructions] and [https://www.edaq.com/wiki/C4D_Profiler_V2_Software_to_Optimise_C4D_Settings video].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It’s important to select the best C4D settings for the background electrolyte you are using. The easiest way to do this is to use the [https://www.edaq.com/ES770 C4D Profiler software]. The C4D Profiler tests every combination of C4D setting (amplitude, frequency and headstage gain) and shows the detector signal for each combination. You can download it from [https://www.edaq.com/software-downloads here], download the [https://www.edaq.com/edaq-product-manuals manual], look at the [https://www.edaq.com/wiki/Optimizing_the_C4D_Settings_using_the_C4D_Profiler_V2_Software instructions] and [https://www.edaq.com/wiki/C4D_Profiler_V2_Software_to_Optimise_C4D_Settings video].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== What is the Headstage Gain? ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Headstage Gain is a 5x amplification that occurs in the headstage/platform when it is turned on in the software. It is generally used when using a background electrolyte with low conductivity, in order to boost the signal. It amplifies both the signal and any noise present. It should not be used if it causes the signal to exceed 2V, as above 2V the signal will not be linear and will overload the detector.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== My C4D headstage has two holes in it. Which hole should I use for my capillary/tubing? ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== My C4D headstage has two holes in it. Which hole should I use for my capillary/tubing? ==</div></td></tr>
</table>Oliverhttps://www.edaq.com/w/index.php?title=Frequently_Asked_Questions_C4D&diff=4921&oldid=prevOliver at 03:23, 4 October 20182018-10-04T03:23:34Z<p></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
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<col class='diff-marker' />
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:23, 4 October 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L6" >Line 6:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== How do I get the best sensitivity (the lowest limits of detection) from my C4D? ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== How do I get the best sensitivity (the lowest limits of detection) from my C4D? ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">You need to develop a method for detecting your analyte using contactless conductivity detection, including which background electrolyte to use. It’s best to start by seeing if anybody has analysed your analyte using C4D before, by looking through review research papers such as [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2007.11.045 1], [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.200800478 2], [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201000354 3], [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201200358 4], [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201400336 5] and [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201600280 6]. Then, you should optimise the C4D settings for the background electrolyte you are using. See "Which C4D settings should I use?" below.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Which C4D settings should I use? ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{#ev:youtube|t4KBAZh5wCk|200|right|Video for C4D Profiler V2 Software}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{#ev:youtube|t4KBAZh5wCk|200|right|Video for C4D Profiler V2 Software}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">You need to develop a method for detecting your analyte using contactless conductivity detection</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">including which background electrolyte </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">use. It’s best </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">start by seeing if anybody has analysed your analyte using C4D before, by looking through review research papers such as [http://dx</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2007.11.045 1], </del>[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dx</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">doi</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">org</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10.1002/elps.200800478 2], [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201000354 3], [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201200358 4], [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201400336 5] and [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201600280 6</del>].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The C4D settings (amplitude</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">frequency and headstage gain) refer </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the frequency and amplitude of the sine wave applied </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the transmitter electrode in the headstage or platform</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This is shown in the </ins>[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">www</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">edaq</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">c4d-contactless-conductivity-introduction Contactless Conductivity Introduction</ins>] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">page</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Then, you should optimise </del>the C4D settings for the background electrolyte you are using. The easiest way to do this is to use the [https://www.edaq.com/ES770 C4D Profiler software]. The C4D Profiler tests every combination of C4D setting (amplitude, frequency and headstage gain) and shows the detector signal for each combination. You can download it from [https://www.edaq.com/software-downloads here], download the [https://www.edaq.com/edaq-product-manuals manual], look at the [https://www.edaq.com/wiki/Optimizing_the_C4D_Settings_using_the_C4D_Profiler_V2_Software instructions] and [https://www.edaq.com/wiki/C4D_Profiler_V2_Software_to_Optimise_C4D_Settings video].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It’s important to select </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">best </ins>C4D settings for the background electrolyte you are using. The easiest way to do this is to use the [https://www.edaq.com/ES770 C4D Profiler software]. The C4D Profiler tests every combination of C4D setting (amplitude, frequency and headstage gain) and shows the detector signal for each combination. You can download it from [https://www.edaq.com/software-downloads here], download the [https://www.edaq.com/edaq-product-manuals manual], look at the [https://www.edaq.com/wiki/Optimizing_the_C4D_Settings_using_the_C4D_Profiler_V2_Software instructions] and [https://www.edaq.com/wiki/C4D_Profiler_V2_Software_to_Optimise_C4D_Settings video].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== My C4D headstage has two holes in it. Which hole should I use for my capillary/tubing? ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== My C4D headstage has two holes in it. Which hole should I use for my capillary/tubing? ==</div></td></tr>
</table>Oliverhttps://www.edaq.com/w/index.php?title=Frequently_Asked_Questions_C4D&diff=4796&oldid=prevOliver: /* Why are my peaks negative? */2018-02-07T05:58:01Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Why are my peaks negative?</span></span></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 05:58, 7 February 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L63" >Line 63:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 63:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>You can confirm all this by using PeakMaster. PeakMaster software can predict the electropherogram, if you enter the background electrolyte, analytes and experiment conditions. PeakMaster software can be downloaded for free from [http://web.natur.cuni.cz/~gas this website].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>You can confirm all this by using PeakMaster. PeakMaster software can predict the electropherogram, if you enter the background electrolyte, analytes and experiment conditions. PeakMaster software can be downloaded for free from [http://web.natur.cuni.cz/~gas this website].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>You can download [[File:K Na Li in MES-Histidine buffer.zip <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">this file</del>]] and open it in the PeakMaster software. Click Calculate, to see the predicted electropherogram, with negative peaks. Hover the mouse over the peaks in the electropherogram to see which peak is which; a great way of determining which peaks are which when you are analysing a sample.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>You can download [[File:K Na Li in MES-Histidine buffer.zip]] and open it in the PeakMaster software. Click Calculate, to see the predicted electropherogram, with negative peaks. Hover the mouse over the peaks in the electropherogram to see which peak is which; a great way of determining which peaks are which when you are analysing a sample.</div></td></tr>
</table>Oliverhttps://www.edaq.com/w/index.php?title=Frequently_Asked_Questions_C4D&diff=4795&oldid=prevOliver: /* Why are my peaks negative? */2018-02-07T05:57:17Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Why are my peaks negative?</span></span></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
<col class='diff-marker' />
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<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 05:57, 7 February 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L63" >Line 63:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 63:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>You can confirm all this by using PeakMaster. PeakMaster software can predict the electropherogram, if you enter the background electrolyte, analytes and experiment conditions. PeakMaster software can be downloaded for free from [http://web.natur.cuni.cz/~gas this website].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>You can confirm all this by using PeakMaster. PeakMaster software can predict the electropherogram, if you enter the background electrolyte, analytes and experiment conditions. PeakMaster software can be downloaded for free from [http://web.natur.cuni.cz/~gas this website].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Open the attached </del>file in PeakMaster <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and click </del>Calculate, to see the predicted electropherogram, with negative peaks. Hover the mouse over the peaks in the electropherogram to see which peak is which; a great way of determining which peaks are which when you are analysing a sample.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">You can download [[File:K Na Li in MES-Histidine buffer.zip this </ins>file<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] and open it </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </ins>PeakMaster <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">software. Click </ins>Calculate, to see the predicted electropherogram, with negative peaks. Hover the mouse over the peaks in the electropherogram to see which peak is which; a great way of determining which peaks are which when you are analysing a sample.</div></td></tr>
</table>Oliverhttps://www.edaq.com/w/index.php?title=Frequently_Asked_Questions_C4D&diff=4793&oldid=prevOliver: /* Why are my peaks negative? */2018-02-07T05:47:44Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Why are my peaks negative?</span></span></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 05:47, 7 February 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L57" >Line 57:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>C4D measures conductivity. The detector is continually measuring the conductivity of the background electrolyte, and then the conductivity of the analytes when they are in the detector. If the conductivity of the analyte is less than the conductivity of the background electrolyte (as is the case for the cations in the eDAQ [https://www.edaq.com/EC020 EC20 Standard Test Solutions]) then you get a negative peak.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>C4D measures conductivity. The detector is continually measuring the conductivity of the background electrolyte, and then the conductivity of the analytes when they are in the detector. If the conductivity of the analyte is less than the conductivity of the background electrolyte (as is the case for the cations in the eDAQ [https://www.edaq.com/EC020 EC20 Standard Test Solutions]) then you get a negative peak.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When the background electrolyte is in the detector, you have hydrogen cations (proton H<sup>+</sup>) and acetic anions. When the sodium analyte is in the detector, you have sodium cations (K<sup>+</sup>) and acetic anions. The conductivity of the proton H<sup>+</sup> is greater than the conductivity of the sodium K+; the charge is +1 for both, but because the H<sup>+</sup> is smaller than the K<sup>+</sup>, the charge-to-size ratio is greater, so it’s conductivity is larger.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When the background electrolyte is in the detector, you have hydrogen cations (proton H<sup>+</sup>) and acetic anions. When the sodium analyte is in the detector, you have sodium cations (K<sup>+</sup>) and acetic anions. The conductivity of the proton H<sup>+</sup> is greater than the conductivity of the sodium K<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><sup></ins>+<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></sup></ins>; the charge is +1 for both, but because the H<sup>+</sup> is smaller than the K<sup>+</sup>, the charge-to-size ratio is greater, so it’s conductivity is larger.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If you use a different background electrolyte with a different counter ion, the peaks could be positive.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If you use a different background electrolyte with a different counter ion, the peaks could be positive.</div></td></tr>
</table>Oliverhttps://www.edaq.com/w/index.php?title=Frequently_Asked_Questions_C4D&diff=4792&oldid=prevOliver: /* Why are my peaks negative? */2018-02-07T05:46:21Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Why are my peaks negative?</span></span></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 05:46, 7 February 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L61" >Line 61:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 61:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If you use a different background electrolyte with a different counter ion, the peaks could be positive.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If you use a different background electrolyte with a different counter ion, the peaks could be positive.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>You can confirm all this by using PeakMaster. PeakMaster software can predict the electropherogram, if you enter the background electrolyte, analytes and experiment conditions. PeakMaster software can be downloaded for free from [http://web.natur.cuni.cz/~gas].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>You can confirm all this by using PeakMaster. PeakMaster software can predict the electropherogram, if you enter the background electrolyte, analytes and experiment conditions. PeakMaster software can be downloaded for free from [http://web.natur.cuni.cz/~gas <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">this website</ins>].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Open the attached file in PeakMaster and click Calculate, to see the predicted electropherogram, with negative peaks. Hover the mouse over the peaks in the electropherogram to see which peak is which; a great way of determining which peaks are which when you are analysing a sample.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Open the attached file in PeakMaster and click Calculate, to see the predicted electropherogram, with negative peaks. Hover the mouse over the peaks in the electropherogram to see which peak is which; a great way of determining which peaks are which when you are analysing a sample.</div></td></tr>
</table>Oliverhttps://www.edaq.com/w/index.php?title=Frequently_Asked_Questions_C4D&diff=4791&oldid=prevOliver at 05:45, 7 February 20182018-02-07T05:45:28Z<p></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
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<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 05:45, 7 February 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L52" >Line 52:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 52:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Joule heating effect on electroosmotic flow and mass species transport in a microcapillary, by Tang et al [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2003.07.006 DOI:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2003.07.006]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Joule heating effect on electroosmotic flow and mass species transport in a microcapillary, by Tang et al [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2003.07.006 DOI:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2003.07.006]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* "High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis, A Primer" by Agilent Technologies, page 17</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* "High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis, A Primer" by Agilent Technologies, page 17</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Why are my peaks negative? ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C4D measures conductivity. The detector is continually measuring the conductivity of the background electrolyte, and then the conductivity of the analytes when they are in the detector. If the conductivity of the analyte is less than the conductivity of the background electrolyte (as is the case for the cations in the eDAQ [https://www.edaq.com/EC020 EC20 Standard Test Solutions]) then you get a negative peak.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">When the background electrolyte is in the detector, you have hydrogen cations (proton H<sup>+</sup>) and acetic anions. When the sodium analyte is in the detector, you have sodium cations (K<sup>+</sup>) and acetic anions. The conductivity of the proton H<sup>+</sup> is greater than the conductivity of the sodium K+; the charge is +1 for both, but because the H<sup>+</sup> is smaller than the K<sup>+</sup>, the charge-to-size ratio is greater, so it’s conductivity is larger.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">If you use a different background electrolyte with a different counter ion, the peaks could be positive.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">You can confirm all this by using PeakMaster. PeakMaster software can predict the electropherogram, if you enter the background electrolyte, analytes and experiment conditions. PeakMaster software can be downloaded for free from [http://web.natur.cuni.cz/~gas].</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Open the attached file in PeakMaster and click Calculate, to see the predicted electropherogram, with negative peaks. Hover the mouse over the peaks in the electropherogram to see which peak is which; a great way of determining which peaks are which when you are analysing a sample.</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Oliver